Our data highlight that consistent patterns of bodily sensations are associated with each of the six basic emotions, and that these sensations are represented in a categorical manner in the body. Il définit trois groupes de besoins en temps réel d'un individu : Il a dit « Quand les hommes utilisent de l'information, ils consomment de l'attention. The vignettes were generated in a separate pilot experiment. Next, subjectwise activation and deactivation maps for each emotion were combined into single BSMs representing both activations and deactivations and responses outside the body area were masked. Par exemple, des réactions comme le combat ou la fuite sont universelles et il n’est pas étonnant de constater que les émotions qui leur sont associées, la colère et la peur, se retrouvent chez presque toutes les espèces. In experiment 5, we presented 87 independent participants the BSMs of each basic emotion from experiment 1 in a paper-and pencil forced-choice recognition test. Pertinence : est-ce que cet évènement est pertinent pour moi ? For the Swedish and Taiwanese variants, the Finnish emotion words and instructions were first translated to Swedish/Taiwanese by a native speaker and then backtranslated to Finnish to ensure semantic correspondence. Les SEC’s sont organisés autour de quatre objectifs principaux (SEC majeurs) qui se subdivisent eux-mêmes selon des objectifs secondaires. Certaines de ces catégorisations incluent : Il faut distinguer, entre l'émotion et les résultats d'émotions, principalement les expressions et les comportements émotionnels. In cluster analysis (Fig. Bien que les jukebox cd ont des apparences très similaires à ceux en vinyle, ils se distinguent par le fait qu’ils sont équipés de disque compact au lieu d’enregistrements. Besoins surgissant face à des évènements incertains (stimuli de bruits ou visuels soudains) qui pourraient signaler un danger ; Besoins physiologiques qui sont des stimuli internes par exemple la faim, la soif, l'épuisement ; Associations cognitives qui sont des stimuli forts provenant d'associations mnésiques, par exemple, le souvenir d'une peur. Au contraire, le processus émotionnel est considéré comme un schéma de fluctuations constantes de changements dans différents sous systèmes de l’organisme permettant de faire ressortir un très large spectre d’états émotionnels. This link between emotions and bodily states is also reflected in the way we speak of emotions (2): a young bride getting married next week may suddenly have “cold feet,” severely disappointed lovers may be “heartbroken,” and our favorite song may send “a shiver down our spine.”. We also evaluated cosine-based distance as a possible metric, but the normalization involved in the computation lowered the sensitivity of our final results, as cosine distance uses only the angle between the two vectors and not their magnitude. Rather, they could reflect the most reliable and systematic consciously accessible bodily states during emotional processing, even though they may not relate directly to specific physiological changes. You drive to the beach with your friends in a convertible and the music is blasting from the stereo” (happy). These topographically distinct bodily sensations of emotions may also support recognizing others’ emotional states: the BSMs associated with others’ facial expressions were significantly correlated with corresponding BSMs elicited by emotional words, text passages, and movies in independent participants. L'émotion peut se définir comme une séquence de changements intervenant dans cinq systèmes organiques (cognitif, psychophysiologique, moteur, dénotationnel, moniteur), de manière interdépendante et synchronisée en réponse à l’évaluation de la pertinence d’un stimulus externe ou interne par rapport à un intérêt central pour l’organisme. An emotional expression is a behavior that communicates an emotional state or attitude. The nonbasic emotions showed a much smaller degree of bodily sensations and spatial independence, with the exception of a high degree of similarity across the emotional states of fear and sadness, and their respective prolonged, clinical variants of anxiety and depression. Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology, Somatotopic organization of human secondary somatosensory cortex, Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals, Is emotional contagion special? Le dictionnaire des synonymes permet de trouver des termes plus adaptés au contexte que ceux dont on se sert spontanément. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling, The nature of feelings: Evolutionary and neurobiological origins, The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex, Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions, Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review, Experimental inductions of emotional states and their effectiveness: A review, Inducing and assessing differentiated emotion-feeling states in the laboratory, Distinct pathways of neural coupling for different basic emotions, Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: A meta-analysis, Social schemata of peripheral changes in emotion, Respiratory feedback in the generation of emotion, Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis, Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity, The tie that binds? A study demonstrates how two enzymes—MHETase and PETase—work synergistically to depolymerize the plastic pollutant PET. Many of these (e.g., having “butterflies in the stomach”) are metaphorical and do not describe actual physiological changes associated with the emotional response (18). Importantly, none of the vignettes described the actual emotional feelings, behavior, or bodily actions of the protagonist, thus providing no direct clues about the emotion or bodily sensations being associated with the story [e.g., It’s a beautiful summer day. Topographical changes in emotion-triggered sensations in the body could thus provide a novel biomarker for emotional disorders. « Socio-anthropologie de la connaissance ». L'émotion est une expérience psychophysiologique complexe et intense (avec un début brutal et une durée relativement brève) de l'état d'esprit d'un individu animal[1] liée à un objet repérable lorsqu'il réagit aux influences biochimiques (internes) et environnementales (externes). 1). When multiple stimuli from one category were used (experiments 2–4), subjectwise data were averaged across the stimuli eliciting each emotional state before random effects analysis. To avoid inflated correlations, zero values in the heatmaps (i.e., regions without paint) were filled with Gaussian noise. Given the inherent difficulties associated with eliciting anger and surprise with movie stimuli (37), these emotions were excluded from the study. For each vignette, rating of the target emotion category was higher than that of any other emotion category (P < 0.001; Fig. Il va les décrire comme … L’émotion est une notion floue et elle est difficilement définissable (Alvarado et al., 2002). When people recall bodily sensations associated with emotion categories described by words, they could just report stereotypes of bodily responses associated with emotions. Au regard de ces définitions, le concept d’émotion apparaît comme polysémique. Consequently, emotional perception could involve automatic activation of the sensorimotor representations of the observed emotions, which would subsequently be used for affective evaluation of the actual sensory input (13, 29). In experiment 1, participants reported bodily sensations associated with six “basic” and seven nonbasic (“complex”) emotions, as well as a neutral state, all described by the corresponding emotion words. Dans cet ouvrage, Darwin va poser les fondements de l’expression des émotions. Statistical classifiers discriminated emotion-specific activation maps accurately, confirming independence of bodily topographies across emotions. La théorie de Walter Cannon et Philip Bard (1929) explique que l'émotion est d'abord un phénomène cognitif. Although emotions are associated with a broad range of physiological changes (1, 7), it is still hotly debated whether the bodily changes associated with different emotions are specific enough to serve as the basis for discrete emotional feelings, such as anger, fear, or happiness (8, 9), and the topographical distribution of the emotion-related bodily sensations has remained unknown. Anger topographies in the word and face experiments clustered together, whereas those in the story experiments were initially combined with disgust. Procuste (dit aussi Procruste) était un terrifiant brigand de l’Attique qui non seulement détroussait ses victimes, mais les faisait étendre sur un lit de fer avant d’étirer leurs membres au moyen de cordages ou leur coupait les pieds pour les mettre à la mesure du lit. Divers auteurs étudieront aussi les liens discrets et complexes entre odorat, hormones, phéromones et émotions[5]. Elle dépend donc des perceptions et des inférences que peut faire un individu d’une situation. Une émotion existe à la fois dans la dimension personnelle et sociale de l’individu. Critically, the obtained BSMs were highly consistent (Table S2) with those elicited by emotional words (mean rs = 0.82), stories (mean rs = 0.71), and movies (mean rs = 0.78). Fabrice Fernandez, Samuel Lézé et Hélène Marche (dir.). BSMs associated with each basic emotion word were similar across the Swedish- and Finnish-speaking samples (mean rs = 0.75), and correlations between mismatched emotions across the two experiments (e.g., anger-Finnish vs. happiness-Swedish) were significantly lower (mean rs = 0.36) than those for matching emotions. One-out linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classified each of the basic emotions and the neutral state against all of the other emotions with a mean accuracy of 72% (chance level 50%), whereas complete classification (discriminating all emotions from each other) was accomplished with a mean accuracy of 38% (chance level 14%) (Fig. The emBODY tool. Following the approach of Matsumoto et al. Significativité normative : quelle significativité a cet évènement par rapport à mes convictions personnelles ainsi que face aux normes et valeurs sociales ? designed research; L.N. Moreover, participants leaving more than mean + 2.5 SDs of bodies untouched were removed from the sample. De plus, actuellement les avancées scientifiques dans ce domaine n’offrent pas de meilleure terminologie. Elles seraient à la base de nos réactions physiologiques et comportementales. Similarly, sensations in the head area were shared across all emotions, reflecting probably both physiological changes in the facial area (i.e., facial musculature activation, skin temperature, lacrimation) as well as the felt changes in the contents of mind triggered by the emotional events. En outre, les émotions jouent un rôle clé dans tous processus d’apprentissage en agissant sur la capacité de mémorisation de l’apprenant, sur sa rétention de l’information et sur son attention (Alvarado, 2002). The bodies were abstract and 2D to lower the cognitive load of the task and to encourage evaluating only the spatial pattern of sensations. BSMs were similar to those obtained in experiment 1 with emotion words (Figs. S1) was evaluated by another group of 72 subjects (see ref. Most basic emotions were associated with sensations of elevated activity in the upper chest area, likely corresponding to changes in breathing and heart rate (1). Cependant, les spécialistes s’accordent à dire que la pluralité des définitions de l’émotion n’altère en rien son rôle central dans toute analyse comportementale. The LDA accuracy was high (for stories 79% and 48% against 50% and 14% chance levels for one-out and complete classification and for movies, 76% and 50% against 50% and 20% chance levels, respectively). L’expression des émotions. We propose that emotions are represented in the somatosensory system as culturally universal categorical somatotopic maps. ); European Research Council Starting Grant 313000 (to L.N. The stimuli were unthresholded emBODY BSMs for each basic emotion averaged over the 302 participants in experiment 1a. De plus, comme déjà suggéré par Lazarus et Folkman (1984), l’évaluation n’a pas lieu qu’une seule fois, elle se répète dans un processus nommé réévaluation (« reappraisal ») qui permet de se réadapter progressivement à l’événement. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS. Dans un livre en hommage à Darwin (Ekman, 1973), les recherches présentées, portant sur les expressions faciales, confirment son hypothèse sur leur utilité communicative. Cette expression nous vient de la mythologie. The films were shown one at a time in random order without sound. À travers la littérature, la peinture, la sculpture, le théâtre, le chant, la danse, les hommes ont trouvé une manière de transformer leurs émo-tions personnelles en œuvres d’art parta-geables par tous. We averaged individual similarity matrices to produce a group similarity matrix that was then used as distance matrix between each pair of emotion categories for the hierarchical clustering with complete linkage. S1). Lors de la première expérience, les participants ont écouté des mots dans leur langue maternelle. Emotions coordinate our behavior and physiological states during survival-salient events and pleasurable interactions. En effet, la langue de tous les jours et la langue scientifique ne visent pas les mêmes objectifs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, The expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Les émotions. Néanmoins, une accumulation de sentiments peut générer des états émotionnels. We tested this hypothesis in experiment 4 by presenting participants with pictures of six basic facial expressions without telling them what emotions (if any) the faces reflected and asking them to color BSMs for the persons shown in the pictures, rather than the sensations that viewing the expressions caused in themselves. Unraveling the subjective bodily sensations associated with human emotions may help us to better understand mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, which are accompanied by altered emotional processing (30), ANS activity (31, 32), and somatosensation (33). À cela, l’on peut ajouter le premier principe de Darwin, permettant d’expliquer comment une réaction tout d’abord volontaire va, au fil des générations, devenir innée et réflexe. Les individus interprètent l'activation viscérale en fonction des stimuli de la situation environnementale et de leur état cognitif. Each vignette elicited primarily one basic emotion (or a neutral emotional state), and five vignettes per emotion category were presented in random order. Participants (n = 701) were shown two silhouettes of bodies alongside emotional words, stories, movies, or facial expressions, and they were asked to color the bodily regions whose activity they felt to be increased or decreased during viewing of each stimulus. The stimuli were short 10-s movies eliciting discrete emotional states. Here we reveal maps of bodily sensations associated with different emotions using a unique topographical self-report method. De ce fait, plusieurs définitions et rôles ont été donnés à l’émotion (Francois et al., 2001 ; O'Regan, 2003). Le mot « émotion » provient du mot français « émouvoir ». The colorbar indicates the t-statistic range. D’un point de vue comportemental, l’émotion est perçue comme un « motivateur », une entité qui influence le choix d’un individu en réponse à un stimulus externe ou interne.